JEP » Issues » Middle Class in Latin America » Forging a New Middle Class in Emerging Democracies

Forging a New Middle Class in Emerging Democracies

Autor*innen: Fleury, Sonia
https://doi.org/10.20446/JEP-2414-3197-33-4-85
Volume XXXIII • Issue 4 • 2017
Pages 85-109
Keywords: Brazil, new middle class, social development, social rights, social mobility

Abstract

The article details the production of a narrative about the New Middle Class (NMC) that is recently articulated in academic articles (see among others Neri 2016) and promotes a perspective disseminated by the World Bank, OECD, and The Economist. This narrative also supports governmental strategy to fight poverty. Fighting poverty has been on the Brazilian political agenda since the democratisation process began. However, there are different strategies to deal with this situation, one of which is specified in the Federal Constitution in terms of universal social rights for citizens’ status. The other is based on increasing the consumption power of the poor and is identified by the label of the NMC policies. Each of them has different consequences in terms of subjectivity and sociability.

Literature

Bourdieu, Pierre (1990): The Logic of Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre (1974): A Economia das Trocas Simbólicas. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva.
Castells, Manuel/Himanen, Pekka (eds.) (2104): Reconceptualizing Development in the Global Information Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cerqueira, Daniel et al. (2017): Atlas da Violência 2017. Brasília: IPEA. http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/swstatic-190509024504/swstatic-200703094500/images/170609_atlas_da_violencia_2017.pdf, 3. 10. 2017.

Cheeseman, Nic (2014): Does the African middle-class defend democracy? Working Paper 150. Afrobarometer. www.afrobarometer.org, 22. 11. 2016.

Castellani, Francesca/Parent, Gwenn (2011): Being “Middle-class” in Latin America, Working Paper No. 305. Paris: OECD.

Costa, Lucia (2013): Classes Médias e as Desigualdades sociais no Brasil. In: Bartelt, Dawid (ed.): A Nova Classe Média como Conceito e Projeto Político. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Heinrich Böll, 43-54.

ECLAD (2014): Compacts for Equality Towards a Sustainable Future. Santiago: ECLAD.
Fleury, Sonia (2003): La Expansión de la Ciudadanía in Seminario International Inclusión Social y Nuevas Ciudadanías. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 167-194.

Fleury, Sonia (2011): Brazil’s health-care reform: social movements and civil society. In: The Lancet 377 (9779), 1724-1725.

Fleury, Sonia (2013a) A Fabricação da Classe Média: Projeto Político para uma Nova Sociabilidade in Dawid Bartelt (ed.): A Nova Classe Média como Conceito e Projeto Político, Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Heinrich Böll, 69-83.

Fleury, Sonia et al. (2013b). Right to Health in Latin America: Beyond Universalization. Series Financing for Development No. 249. Santiago: ECALD.

Fleury, Sonia (2013c): Seminar “The Favela is the City”. www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKYULpmrRaI, 8. 3. 2014.

Fleury, Sonia (2014): Building Democracy in an Emerging Society: Challenges of the Welfare State in Brazil. In: Nederveen Pieterse, Jan/Cardoso, Adalberto (eds.): Brazil Emerging – Inequality and Emancipation. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60318-8

Ferreira, Francisco H. G./Messina, Julian/Rigolini, Jamele/López Calva, Luis-Felipe/ Lugo, Maria Ana/Vakis, Renos (2013): Economic Mobility and the rise of the Latin America Middle-Class. Washington DC: World Bank. Fundação Perseu Abramo

Fundação Perseu Abramo (2017): Percepções e Valores Políticos nas Periferias de São Paulo. https://fpabramo.org.br/2017/03/25/percepcoes-na-periferia-de-sao-paulo/, 12. 5. 2017.
FOCUS – Institute for Research on Poverty (2010): Middle Class in Latin America. In: FOCUS 27 (1), 1-9.

IPEA (2015): Nota técnica PNAD 2014. http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/swstatic-190509024504/swstatic-200703094500/images/stories/PDFs/nota_tecnica/151230_nota_tecnica_pnad2014.pdf, 15. 8. 2016.

Kerstenetzky, Celia Lessa/Uchôa, Christiane/Valle Silva, Nelson do. (2015): The Elusive New Middle Class in Brazil In: Brazilian Political Science Review 9 (3). http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bpsr/v9n3/1981-3821-bpsr-9-3-0021.pdf, 2. 5. 2016.

Kharas, Homi (2010): The Emerging Middle-Class in Developing Countries. Working Paper 285. Paris: OECD.

Koo, Hagen (1991): Middle classes, democratization, and class formation: The case of South Korea. Theory and Society 20 (4): 485-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00157323
Lavinas, Lena (2013): 21st Century Welfare. In: New Left Review 84, 5-40.

Leventoglu, Bahar (2014): Social Mobility, Middle-class and Political Transitions. In: Journal of Conflict Resolution 58 (5), 825-864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002713478563

Nederveen Pieterse, Jan/Cardoso, Adalberto (2014): Brazil Emerging – Inequality and Emancipation. London: Routledge.

Neri, Marcelo (2010): A Nova Classe Média: O Lado Brilhante dos Pobres. Rio de Janeiro: FGV/CPS. http://www.fgv.br/cps/ncm/, 2. 3. 2016.

Ozdubu, Ergun (2005): The Role of the Middle-class in the Emergence and Consolidation of a Democratic Civil Society. In: Ankara Law Review 2 (2), 95-107.

Pinho, Carlos/Moura, Rafael (2017): O Brasil nos contextos internacional e doméstico: Crises e Resiliência do Neoliberalismo 2003. In: Revista Brasileira de Administração Política 9 (2), 89-134.

Pochman, Marcio (2012): Nova classe Média – o Trabalho na Base da Pirâmide Social Brasileira. São Paulo: Boitempo.

Przeworski, Adam/Limongi, Fernando (1993): Political Regimes and Economic Growth. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (3), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.3.51

Quadros, Waldir (2015): Paralisia econômica, retrocesso social e eleições. Textos para discussão 249. São Paulo: UNICAMP

Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional (2015): Gasto Social do Governo Central 2002 a 2015. http://www.tesouro.fazenda.gov.br/documents/10180/318974/Gasto+Social+Governo+Central/c4c3d5b6-8791-46fb-b5e9-57a016db24ec, 6. 12. 2016.

Skoufias, Emmanuel (2017): Protecting the “New Poor” During Brazil’s Economic Crisis. The World Bank. 24. 2. 2017. http://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/protecting-new-poor-during-brazil-s-economic-crisis, 9. 6. 2017.

Sousa, Jessé (2013): A Invisibilidade da Luta de Classe ou a Cegueira do Economicismo. In: Dawid Bartelt (ed.) A Nova classe Média como Conceito e Projeto Político. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Heinrich Böll, 69-83.

Souza, Pedro Ferreira (2011): Poverty, Inequality and Social Policies in Brazil, 1995-2009. Brasília: IPEA.

Rocha, Sonia (2015): Poverty Studies in Brazil – A Review. Discussion Paper 61. Brasília: IPEA.
Streeck, Wolfgang (2011): The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism. New Left Review 71, 5-29.

Stampini, Marco/Robles, Marcos/Sáenz, Mayra/Ibarrarán, Pablo/Medellín, Nadin (2015): Poverty, Vulnerability and the Middle Class in Latin America. IDB Working Paper Series No. 591. Washington: IDB.

UNDP (2014): Human Development Report 2014 – Sustaining Human Progress – Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. New York: UNDP.

UNDP (2016): Human Development Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone Briefing note for countries. Human Development Report Brazil. New York: UNDP.

Vara, Vauhini (2013): Who Belongs to the Lower Middle-Class, and Why Does It Matter? In: The New Yorker, December, 4th.